Science in history / J.D. Bernal

Acknowledgments
Preface
CONTENTS
Preface to the Second Edition
Acknowledgments-Second Edition
PART I
THE EMERGENCE AND CHARACTER OF SCIENCE
Chapter 1-INTRODUCTION
I.I Science as an Institution
1.2 The Methods of Science
1.3 The Cumulative Tradition of Science
1.4 Science and the Means of Production
1.5 Natural Science as a Source of Ideas 1.6 Interactions of Science and Society
PART II SCIENCE IN THE ANCIENT WORLD – Introduction
Chapter 2-EARLY HUMAN SOCIETIES: THE OLD STONE AGE
2.1 The Origins of Society
2.2 The Material Basis of Primitive Life
2.3 The Social Basis of Primitive Life
2.4 The Origins of Rational Science
2.5 The Transformation of the Environment
2.6 Social Organizations and Ideas
2.7 The Achievement of Primitive Man
Chapter 3-AGRICULTURE AND CIVILIZATION
3.1 Towards a Productive Economy
3.2 Civilization
3.3 The Techniques of Civilization
3.4 The Origin of Quantitative Science
3.5 The Class Origins of Early Science
3.6 Successes and Failures of the First Civilizations
3.7 The Spread of Civilization
3.8 The Legacy of Early Civilization
Chapter 4-THE IRON AGE: CLASSICAL CULTURE
4.1 The Origins of Iron-age Cultures
4.2 Iron-age Cities
4.3 Phoenicians and Hebrews
4.4 The Greeks
4-5 Early Greek Science
4.6 The Athenian Achievement
4.7 Alexander's Empire
4.8 Rome and the Decadence of Classical Science
4.9 The Legacy of the Classical World
PART III SCIENCE IN THE AGE OF FAITH
Introduction
Chapter 5-SCIENCE IN THE THE TRANSITION TO FEUDALISM
5.1 The Developments of Civilization After the Fall of the Roman Empire
5.2 The Age of Faiths
5.3 Dogma and Science
5.4 The Reaction to Hellenism
5.5 Mohammed and the Rise of Islam
5.6 Islamic Science
5.7 The Decay of Islamic Culture
Chapter 6-MEDIEVAL SCIENCE AND TECHNIQUE
6.1 The Dark Ages in Western Europe
6.2 The Feudal System
6.3 The Church in the Middle Ages
6.4 The Scholastics and the Universities
6.5 Medieval Science
6.6 The Transformation of Medieval Economy by New Techniques
6.7 The Development of Late Medieval Economy
6.8 The Achievement of the Middle Ages
PART IV THE BIRTH OF MODERN SCIENCE
Introduction
Chapter 7-THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
7.1 The First Phase: The Renaissance (1440-1540)
7.2 Art, Nature, and Medicine
7.3 Navigation and Astronomy
7.4 The Second Phase: Science during the First Bourgeois Revolutions (1540-1650)
7.5 The Justification of the Solar System
7.6 The New Philosophy Science
7.7 The Third Phase: Science Comes of Age (1650-90)
7.8 Making the New World-Picture
7.9 Celestial Mechanics: the Newtonian Synthesis 17.10 Retrospect: Capitalism and the Birth of Modern
PART V SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY
Chapter 8-ANTECEDENTS AND CONSEQUENCES OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
8.1 The Early Eighteenth-century Pause (1690-1760) 8.2 Science and the Revolutions (1760-1830)
8.3 The French Revolution and its Effect on Science 28.4 The Character of Science in the Industrial Revolution
8.5 The Mid-Nineteenth Century (1830-70)
8.6 The Nineteenth-century Advances of Science
8.7 The Late Nineteenth Century (1870-95)
8.8 Science in the Late Nineteenth Century
Chapter 9-DEVELOPMENTS OF THE SCIENCES IN THE EIGHTEENTH AND NINETEENTH
9.0 Introduction
9.1 Heat and Energy
9.2 Engineering and Metallurgy
9.3 Electricity and Magnetism
9.4 Chemistry
9.5 Biology
9.6 Retrospect
Chapter 10-THE PHYSICAL SCIENCES
10.0 Introduction
10.1 The Electron and the Atom
10.2 Theoretical Physics
10.3 Nuclear Physics
10.4 Electronics
10.5 Physics and the Structure of Matter
10.6 Twentieth-century Technology: Engineering
10.7 Chemical Industry
10.8 Natural Resources
10.9 War and Science
10.10 The Future of the Physical Sciences
10.11 Science and Ideas in an Age of Transition
Chapter 11-THE BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
11.0 Introduction – 11.1 The Response of Biology to Social Influences
11.2 Biochemistry
11.3 Microbiology
11.4 Biochemistry in Medicine
11.5 The Structure and Development of Organisms: Cytology and Embryology
11.6 The Organism as a Whole and its Control Mechanisms
11.7 Heredity and Evolution
11.8 Organisms and their Environment: Ecology
11.9 The Future of Biology
Chapter 12-THE SOCIAL SCIENCES IN HISTORY
12.0 Introduction
12.1 The Scope and Character of the Social Sciences
12.2 The History of the Social Sciences
12.3 Social Science in the Age of Feudalism
12.4 Social Science and the Birth of Capitalism
12.5 Enlightenment and Revolution abo
12.6 Utilitarianism and Liberal Reform
12.7 Marxism and the Science of Society
12.8 Academic Social Sciences in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries
12.9 The Growth of Marxism in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries
Chapter 13-THE SOCIAL SCIENCES AFTER THE FIRST WORLD WAR
13.0 Introduction
13.1 General Character of Social Thought in the Twentieth Century
13.2 The Social Sciences in the Capitalist World
13.3 The Application of Social Science